Review Questions

1. Why do you think solar cells might not be used in certain locations or contexts?
   

   Powering spaceships

2. Which of the following form micelles when placed in water?
   

   Detergent

3. Why is it necessary to indicate the active ingredient in product labels of cleaning products?
   

   Because it tells customers how it will work.

4. Which of the following is always true about active ingredients?
   

   They dictate the efficacy of the product for its intended purpose.

5. Which of the following is an active ingredient found in product labels of bleach?
   

   Sodium hypochlorite

6. How has Ernest Rutherford successfully carried out a nuclear transmutation reaction in the synthesis of elements?
   

   He showed that the nitrogen nuclei reacted with the alpha particles to form oxygen nuclei.

7. How do the element with an atomic number 43 Technetium (Tc) was synthesized in the laboratory through nuclear transmutation.
   

   By bombarding Molybdenum (Z=42) with fast-moving neutrons using a linear accelerator.

8. If an atom has 15 protons, what is its atomic number?
   

   15

9. How is the frequency of the X-ray spectral lines that were used to demonstrate the number of protons related to the atomic number?
   

   The square root of the frequency of emitted X-rays is directly proportional to the atomic number.

10. A neutral atom of an element has 2 electrons in the first energy level, 8 in the second energy level and 8 in the third energy level. This information does not necessarily tell us:
    

    The number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of the element.

11. Which of the following bonds is the most polar?
    

    N-F

12. If a molecule of H2S has a bent geometry, which of the following is correct?
    

    It is a polar molecule.

13. A nonpolar covalent bond would form in which of the following pairs of atoms?
    

    Br-Br

14. What is the molecular shape of CHBr3?
    

    Trigonal Pryamidal

15. Which of the following changes would increase the vapor pressure of a liquid?
    I. an increase in temperature
    II. an increase in the intermolecular forces in the liquid
    III. an increase in the size of the open vessel containing the liquid
    

    1 only

16. Which of the following substances will have both London dispersion force and dipole-dipole forces?
    

    HCl

17. Which of the following statements best explains why intramolecular force is typically stronger than intermolecular force?
    

    Intramolecular forces involve the bonding between atoms within a molecule, which typically requires more energy to break compared to the forces between separate molecules.

18. Which of the following statements best explains why London dispersion forces are typically considered the weakest among intermolecular forces (IMF)?
    

    London dispersion forces are weaker because they arise from temporary fluctuations in electron density, resulting in only temporary dipoles.

19. The excessive consumption of carbohydrates is converted into which polysaccharide that is stored in the liver and in muscles?
    

    Glycogen

20. Which of the following factors would not affect the rate of reaction?
    

    The climate

21. If you want to increase the concentration of a gas reactant, what would you do?
    

    Decrease the space of the gas container.

22. What would you do if you want to have more space for particle size to collide?
    

    Increase the surface area

23. In order for reactants to form products, they have to overcome what Barrier?
    

    Activation energy

24. Which of the following substances would exhibit hydrogen bonding in the liquid state?
    

    NH3

25. "In your experience, what factors do you believe contribute to raising the boiling point of a compound, and how would you apply this understanding in a practical scenario?"
    

    Intermolecular forces: Stronger forces lead to higher boiling points.

26. How would you explain the inability to mix oil and water?
    

    Oil is nonpolar while water is polar.

27. Which of the following exhibits dipole-dipole attraction between molecules?
    

    AsH3