Research Methodology

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Research Methodology

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Definition
Research methodology refers to the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic (University Witwatersrand, 2019). It answers two main questions:

  • How was the data collected or generated?
  • How was it analyzed?

1. RESEARCH DESIGN

  • Introduction: The research design introduces the overall strategy for the research process.
  • Conceptual Definition: The research design is the plan for conducting the study and ensuring the collection and analysis of data effectively addresses the research questions.
  • Rationale: Discuss the appropriateness of the chosen design for the study. Explain why it was selected and how it contributes to achieving the research goals.

2. POPULATION AND SAMPLE

  • Population: The population is the entire group of individuals from which the sample is drawn.
  • Sample: A sample is a subset of the population selected to represent the broader group in the study.
  • Sampling: Sampling is the process of selecting individuals or groups from the population for analysis.
  • Sample Size: Refers to the number of observations or individuals included in the sample.

Formula for Sample Size

(Use the formula relevant to your study, if necessary)

Sampling Techniques

  • Probability Sampling: Every member of the population has a chance of being selected. This method includes randomization principles.
    • Simple Random Sampling: Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
    • Systematic Sampling: Participants are selected at regular intervals (every "kth" member).
      • Formula: K = N/n, where N is the population size, and n is the sample size.
      • Example: If N = 300 and n = 20, then K = 300/20 = 15. Every 15th individual is selected.
    • Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into subgroups (strata) based on specific characteristics. Random sampling is done within each stratum to ensure representation across key subpopulations.
    • Cluster Sampling: The population is divided into clusters, and entire clusters are randomly selected for the sample.

3. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

  • Phase I: Construction and Validation of Questionnaire
  • Phase II: Administration of Data Gathering Instruments
  • Phase III: Gathering Data and Data Analysis
  • Phase IV: Tabulation, Presentation, and Interpretation

4. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

  • Instrument Overview: Discuss the instrument used for data collection (e.g., survey, interview, etc.).
  • Conceptual Definition: Define the instrument in the context of your research.
  • Appropriateness: Explain why the instrument is suitable for the study.
  • Creation and Validation: Describe how the instrument was developed and validated for accuracy and reliability.

5. STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

  • Statistical Tools: Specify the statistical methods or tools that will be used to analyze the data (e.g., mean, standard deviation, correlation analysis, etc.).
  • Conceptual Definition: Provide definitions for the statistical tools in the context of your study, especially regarding relationships or differences being analyzed.
  • Justification: Cite relevant sources to support your choice of statistical techniques, particularly for correlational analysis.

6. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

  • Ethics in Research: Ethical principles and guidelines are critical to ensuring the integrity and success of a study.
    • Ethics: Refers to the morality of human actions, focusing on what is "right" or "wrong" in terms of the treatment of participants and the conduct of research.
    • Research Ethics: Involves providing clear rules and guidelines to protect the welfare and rights of research participants and ensure that the study is conducted responsibly.

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