Characteristics of Quantitative Research
In definition, quantitative research is an objective, systematic, empirical investigation of observable phenomena using computational techniques. It highlights numerical analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield unbiased results that can be generalized to some larger population and explain a particular observation. Simply, quantitative research is concerned with numbers and its relationship with events.
Key Characteristics
- Objective: Seeks accurate measurement and analysis of target concepts. It is not based on mere intuitions and guesses. Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem.
- Clearly Defined Research Questions: The researchers know in advance what they are looking for. The research questions are well-defined for which the objective answers are sought. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before data are gathered.
- Structured Research Instruments: Data are normally gathered using structured research tools such as questionnaires to collect measurable characteristics of the population like age, socio-economic status, number of children, among others.
- Numerical Data: Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often organized and presented using tables, charts, graphs, and figures that consolidate large numbers of data to show trends, relationships, or differences among others.
- Large Sample Sizes: To arrive at more reliable data analysis, a normal population distribution curve is preferred. This requires a large number size, depending on how the characteristics of the population vary.
- Replication: Reliable quantitative studies can be repeated to verify or confirm the correctness of the results in another setting. This strengthens the validity of the findings, thus eliminating the possibility of spurious conclusions.
- Future Outcomes: By using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid of computers, if-then scenarios may be formulated, thus predicting future results.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
Strengths
- Objective: Provides numerical data, minimizing misinterpretation.
- The use of statistical techniques facilitates sophisticated analyses and comprehension of a huge number of vital characteristics of data.
- The numerical data can be analyzed in a quick and easy way. By exploring statistically valid random models, findings can be generalized to the population about which information is necessary.
- Replicability: Standardized approaches allow the study to be repeated in different areas or over time with comparable findings.
Weaknesses
- Requires many respondents; larger sample sizes lead to more statistically accurate findings.
- Costly: Higher expenses due to larger samples and reproduction of questionnaires.
- Ignores contextual factors that help interpret results or explain variations, unlike qualitative research.
- Structured research instruments may be insufficient for gathering information on sensitive issues.
- If not done correctly, data from questionnaires may be incomplete or inaccurate, requiring researchers to monitor respondents carefully.
Kinds of Quantitative Research
- Descriptive Research: Focuses on describing the nature, characteristics, and components of the population or phenomenon.
- Correlational Research: Systematically investigates relationships or associations among variables.
- Evaluation Research: Assesses the effects, impacts, or outcomes of practices, policies, or programs.
- Survey Research: Gathers information from groups using cross-sectional or longitudinal approaches.
- Causal-Comparative Research: Derives conclusions from observations and manifestations already occurred.
- Experimental Research: Utilizes scientific methods to test cause-and-effect relationships under controlled conditions.
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