Organized Notes

Logical Fallacies

Bandwagon Fallacy – Suggests that something is correct or valid because many people support it. (e.g., “Majority is always right.”)
Hasty Generalization – Making a broad claim based on limited examples. (e.g., “I met two rude French tourists, so all French people must be rude.”)
Red Herring – A distraction from the real issue.
Appeal to Pity – Using sympathy to gain support. (e.g., “I’ve faced hardships, so vote for me because I understand your struggles.”)
False Dichotomy – Presenting only two extreme options, ignoring alternatives. (e.g., “You either support me or corruption.”)
Straw Man – Misrepresenting an opponent’s argument. (e.g., “My opponent supports dictatorship, but we need democracy!”)
Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) – Attacking a person instead of their argument. (e.g., “You're too young to understand.”)
Appeal to Hypocrisy (Tu Quoque) – Discrediting an opponent by pointing out inconsistencies. (e.g., “You say gambling is bad, but you have betting apps.”)

Reports and Other Concepts

General Definition: A public declaration of intentions, opinions, objectives, or motives.
Types:
- Political Manifesto – Persuades voters to support a candidate.
- Personal Manifesto – Declares personal goals and intentions.
- Corporate Manifesto – Outlines an organization’s beliefs and values.

Proposal Report – Presents a plan or suggestion, often requesting approval or funding.
Informational Report – Presents information without conclusions or recommendations.
Informal Report – Internal documents within an organization.
Field Report – Documents data gathered outside an office setting.
Scientific Report – Explains the results of experiments.
Survey Report – Discusses data gathered via online/offline surveys.

Abstract – Summarizes the research paper, usually before the table of contents.
Position Paper – Presents the writer’s stand on an issue.
- Introduction – Includes the thesis statement, which presents the argument.
- Counterargument – The opposing side, which must be easy to refute.
- Argument – The writer’s claim or position.
Concept Paper – Outlines an idea or proposal for research or projects.

Formal Definition – Explains the term using its species, genus, and differentia.
Informal Definition – Provides a casual or operational explanation.
Clarification – Organizes points from general abstract ideas to specific details.
Explication – Analyzes and explains quotes, passages, or verses in detail.
Extended Definition – Explains the origin (etymology) of terms.

Position Paper – “The student provided evidence that stricter gun control laws reduce violent crime.”
Concept Paper – “The architect submitted a preliminary design document for a skyscraper project.”
Survey Report (SR) – “Barangay Health Workers send out questionnaires to gather household data.”
Field Report (FR) – “An Education student observes a classroom setting to understand teaching methods.”
Scientific Report (ER) – “Experts analyzed a new vaccine’s effectiveness.”